Engadget's summer gear guide 2012: tablets

In the interest of keeping cool this summer, we've put together a list of the hottest products out right now. From smartphones to e-readers and everything in between, there's no time like the present to re-up that post-spring-cleaning stash. So grab a popsicle or a cold one and dive in -- the water's just right.

Engadget's summer gear guide 2012: tabletsWe'll call it -- in 10 years' time, tablets are gonna make desktops and laptops niche products. In the three years since the iPad fell from the sky, these humble devices have become ideal ways to surf the internet, play games, and, most importantly, create. Here's three of the best for you to enjoy over the summer, with the notable exception of the Galaxy Note 10.1. We're excited to see the stylus-centric slate in action, but it's still not ready for primetime, so we have to hope it's here before the new school term. Read on past the break to take a look at our current warm weather selections.

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Crossing the Sun: The Last Transit of Venus until 2117

Features | Space

Next week will be the last opportunity this century to see the planet Venus as a little black dot moving across the solar disk--a rare event with a long, important history in astronomy


Transit of Venus in 2004 Image: Jay M. Pasachoff, David Butts, Joseph Gangestad, and Owen Westbrook (Williams College Transit of Venus Team) with John Seiradakis and George Asimellis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece); expedition run with Bryce Babcock (Williams College) and Glenn Schneider (University of Arizona)

Showcasing more than fifty of the most provocative, original, and significant online essays from 2011, The Best Science Writing Online 2012 will change the way...

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On June 5 in the Americas and June 6 in the rest of the world, people will be able to see one of the rarest predictable events in astronomy: a solar transit of the planet Venus. Over a six-hour period the disk of Venus will be silhouetted against the sun. Seeing it safely requires a special eye-protection filter, available for a dollar or so?alternately, a telescope or binoculars can safely project an image onto a wall or sheet of paper. But if you miss it, your next chance won't come until the year 2117.

Every century or so, the relative orbital motions of Earth and Venus bring them into perfect alignment with the sun, producing a pair of transits separated by eight years. Only six transits have been observed in history: in 1639; 1761 and 1769; 1874 and 1882; and 2004. Observing them was once the "noblest problem in astronomy" (as an English Astronomer Royal put it), because until the 20th century it was the only way to determine the distance from Earth to the sun. Hundreds of expeditions went as far north and as far south as possible to make giant triangles with Venus and thereby maximize the precision of the measurement. The most famous was probably Captain Cook's voyage to Tahiti in 1769.

Transits have lost none of their capacity to surprise astronomers. At the time of the 2004 event, nobody alive had seen one. I remember watching it on images streaming back from NASA spacecraft. When Venus was about halfway onto the sun's edge, the planet?s atmosphere became visible, bending sunlight toward us. This unexpected phenomenon has led us to plan worldwide observations of Venus's atmosphere during the upcoming event. We should be able to detect a dimming of the sun by a tenth of a percent as Venus blocks that much of the sun's disk. Our view should help researchers interpreting Venus's atmosphere with the European Space Agency's Venus Express spacecraft. In addition, it provides ground truth for the Kepler spacecraft's observations of exoplanetary transits around other stars.

I personally will observe from the University of Hawaii's solar telescope on Haleakala volcano on Maui, supported by the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society. I hope to incorporate results from the space-based observations in time to include them in my address to the American Astronomical Society in Alaska the following week. And we hope that people in 2117, as the next transit of Venus approaches, look back at the scientists of 2012 and say we carried on with skill the tradition of Captain Cook and the Astronomers Royal.

View a slideshow of past transits, as well as a map of when and where the upcoming transit will be visible.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)

Jay Pasachoff, the Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy at Williams College and chair of the International Astronomical Union's Working Group on Solar Eclipses, has seen 55 solar eclipses, as well as transits of Venus and Mercury.


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10 Things to Know for Thursday

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To spread, nervous system viruses sabotage cell, hijack transportation

ScienceDaily (May 30, 2012) ? Herpes and other viruses that attack the nervous system may thrive by disrupting cell function in order to hijack a neuron's internal transportation network and spread to other cells.

Princeton University researchers made the first observation in neurons that common strains of the herpes virus indirectly take control of a cell's mitochondria, the mobile organelles that regulate a cell's energy supply, communication with other cells, and self-destruction response to infection. The team reports in the journal Cell Host and Microbe that viral infection elevates neuron activity, as well as the cell's level of calcium -- a key chemical in cell communication -- and brings mitochondrial motion to a halt in the cell's axon, which connects to and allows communication with other neurons.

The authors propose that the viruses then commandeer the proteins that mitochondria typically use to move about the cell. The pathogens can then freely travel and reproduce within the infected neuron and more easily spread to uninfected cells. When the researchers made the mitochondria less sensitive to calcium the viruses could not spread as quickly or easily.

These findings reveal a previously unknown and highly efficient mechanism that some of the most common strains of herpes viruses in humans may use to proliferate in the nervous system, said lead author Tal Kramer, a doctoral student in the lab of the paper's co-author Lynn Enquist, the Henry L. Hillman Professor of Molecular Biology and chair of Princeton's molecular biology department.

Kramer and Enquist used rat neurons to study two herpes viruses in the alpha-herpes virus subfamily: pseudorabies virus (PRV), a model alpha-herpes virus that infects animals, and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), an extremely common human virus that causes cold sores and other lesions. Other human alpha-herpes viruses are responsible for causing diseases such as chicken pox and shingles.

"No one before has looked carefully at mitochondrial motion during alpha-herpes virus infection in neurons. We provide new insight into how these viruses damage cells in the nervous system in ways that are important for the virus to propagate," Kramer said.

"If mitochondria are stopped in their tracks and can't go anywhere, that is potentially very bad," he said. "They are not only the power plants of the cell, but regulate important processes. The virus likely acts to interfere with many of those processes."

Beyond herpes, the Princeton findings present a possible explanation for how other neurotropic viruses such as rabies, West Nile and polio attack and disrupt the nervous system, Kramer said. Although these viruses are different from the herpes family, the fact that HSV-1 and PRV had a similar effect on mitochondrial motion and function suggests that other pathogens could corrupt mitochondria in the same way, he said.

In addition, the paper lays out the implications of distorted mitochondrial function on neuron health. Mitochondrial malfunction is a known factor in non-infectious neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, Kramer said, though the pathway to this disruption is not entirely known.

"Our model raises some new and exciting possibilities for future research on other important human viruses that can invade the nervous system and cause disease," Kramer said.

"And the fact that alpha-herpes infection damages the same key cellular function as neurodegenerative disorders also is striking," he said. "Understanding how viral infection damages neurons might give us insight into how diseases like Alzheimer's do the same. The viruses we study hijack well-studied cellular pathways that might make an effective target for future therapeutic strategies."

In a healthy neuron, mitochondria move throughout the cell's elongated, tree-like structure to provide energy for various processes that occur throughout the cell. For the strenuous task of long distance intercellular communication, mitochondria move along the axon and synapses, sites of cell-to-cell contact where signaling occurs.

Calcium plays a key role in this cell communication, Kramer explained. A neuron experiences a spike in calcium levels in the axon and synapses when it receives a signal from another neuron. Though a natural rover, mitochondria contain a protein called Miro that detects this rush of calcium and stops the organelles in the synapse. The mitochondria then provide energy as the cell passes a signal along to the next neuron.

Through live-cell imaging of neurons grown in the Enquist lab, Kramer and Enquist observed how this process becomes corrupted by HSV-1 and PRV -- and how the viruses need the process to spread.

The chaos begins when the virus ramps up the neuron's firing of electrical signals, as was first reported in a 2009 paper published in the journal PLoS Pathogens by Enquist; first author Kelly McCarthy, a past member of Enquist's lab who received her doctoral degree from Princeton in 2011; and David Tank, the Henry L. Hillman Professor of Molecular Biology and co-director of the Princeton Neuroscience Institute.

In the latest research, Kramer and Enquist found that this spike in electrical activity floods the axon and synapses with calcium. As a consequence, the Miro proteins detect the increase in calcium and stop mitochondrial motion. The virus' control over the cell immediately dropped off, however, when Kramer and Enquist interfered with Miro's ability to respond to the uptick in calcium levels. Though the viral infection was not completely disrupted, it could not spread within or to other cells with the same efficiency.

Based on these observations, Kramer and Enquist suggest that viruses such as HSV-1 and PRV may bring mitochondria to a standstill in order to hijack their transportation. Mitochondria move about the neuron on the backs of motor proteins dynein and kinesin-1. During viral infection, mitochondria shed these proteins to stop moving when Miro detects an upsurge in cellular calcium.

Previous research has shown that HSV-1 and PRV also use kinesin-1 specifically for transport within an infected cell. Thus, Kramer said, his and Enquist's work suggests that it is very likely that the viruses disrupt mitochondrial motility so that they can hitch themselves to the now available kinesin-1 proteins and move through the nervous system more efficiently.

James Alwine, a University of Pennsylvania professor of cancer biology, said that the Princeton research is a significant contribution to a growing body of research that describes how viruses seize cellular motor proteins such as kinesin-1.

While the findings have therapeutic potential -- particularly in helping show how balancing cellular calcium might subdue viral infection -- the demonstration that viruses can move through an infected cell with the ease of something as essential as mitochondria is notable in itself, said Alwine, who is familiar with the research but had no role in it.

"Determining the specific mechanism by which Miro function is abrogated may provide additional therapeutic avenues, but this also is marvelous basic research that does not have to be justified by its therapeutic potential," he said.

"To disrupt the loading of mitochondria to motor proteins so that virions [complete virus particles] can load instead is a clever way for a virus to be transported and is a great new idea provoked by this data," Alwine said. "While other neurotropic viruses would have to be tested specifically, movement in nerve cells is required by all of them. Thus, this observation provides a starting place and a model mechanism for research with those other pathogens."

This research was published May 17 in the journal Cell Host and Microbe, and supported by the National Institutes of Health and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Grant.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Princeton University.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Tal Kramer, Lynn?W. Enquist. Alphaherpesvirus Infection Disrupts Mitochondrial Transport in Neurons. Cell Host & Microbe, 2012; 11 (5): 504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.03.005

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Gods Bound by Tribulation

When a war between the Gods and the Demois escalates and the world is slowly being destroyed what can stop the war and bring back a golden age of peace?

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Pricing is on a per-user basis and gives businesses an annual subscription to send out as many campaigns as desired throughout the year. While a 25-user license would start at about $10 per user, per year, the price would scale down as more users are added, according to Wombat Security. ??

Finding a Phishing Hole
I didn't realize just how hard it would be to set up the pool of users to participate in the test. Businesses planning on running PhishGuru will need to work very closely with IT before attempting the project. It is not something that can be done on the fly, especially if there are spam filters and other Email security products already in place.

My original plan was to pull together a list of my PCMag Labs colleagues to test the service (and their phish smarts!). Wombat said I would need to whitelist the domain that would be sending the simulated messages within Postini, which we use for our mail security. It turns out our in-house setup uses a lot of custom rules along with Postini's filters, so setting up this test would have required our IT team to manually tweak settings on each account being tested.

Our IT head honcho had some post-test concerns, as well. What if the people in the test forgot the simulation was finished and clicked on a "real" malicious message, thinking it was one of the PhishGuru tests? IT would have to deal with the cleanup.

Wombat assured me that it was possible to test across multiple domains, so we toyed with the idea of using personal email addresses, like the ones on Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail. However, I was concerned the test messages may get trapped by the spam filters on various Webmail services.

In the end, I wound up setting up a basic mail server by installing Postfix on an Amazon EC2 instance and created ten user accounts.

Baiting the Hook
The simulations are called "campaigns" in the PhishGuru world and are created using an online management portal. A new customer signs up for PhishGuru online or by contacting Wombat directly. The company currently offers a free simulation campaign, which is one email template sent to a group of users for one day. For the purpose of this review, I worked with Wombat to set up multiple campaigns over the space of one week.

After I received my account information, I logged into the management portal at phishguru.com and had the option to "Create New Campaign." At this point, I could create my test pool by uploading a comma-delimited file containing names, email addresses, and the name of the department for each test account. PhishGuru automatically created groups based on the email address, allowing me to keep track of results by group. An administrator could tell, for example, if the HR group was doing better or worse than Marketing in detecting phishing mail.

I went through the five-step process, deciding the users who should receive the phishing emails, selecting the type of email I would like to use, picking an email template and customizing it, choosing and customizing the training material to display, and scheduling when the messages will be sent. Once the campaign is created, a "test" message is sent to the administrator's account to verify it looks correct. I clicked on a confirmation link in the test mail to verify the test message.

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Ezprofitlist, list builder, list building, free list builder, viral list builder

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Currency trading Along with Costs Discussed

Precisely what is FOREX?

Foreign exchange stands for this currency exchange market, which can be a major international financial market exactly where values tend to be traded. This currency exchange market started out in the Seventies and is also now the largest fiscal market place on the globe, with the common everyday revenues associated with US$1.In search of billion. That is certainly twenty five periods the volume of every day task upon all of the US stock markets.

Each Forex trade consists of simultaneously buying one currency exchange along with marketing an additional. For example, if you feel the particular Dollar will certainly climb in accordance with the particular dollar, you would position a new Euro/Dollar trade. The forex trading technique might next choose the Pound and then sell on an equivalent quantity of the particular Money. And then, if you want to shut your role, you would location a new Dollar/Euro business. This could buy the Dollar and sell the Dinar. If the Dollar had gone up contrary to the Greenback, you would make a profit, but when it acquired gone down compared to the actual Dollar you would produce a loss.

What foreign currencies are usually traded?

The majority of the worlds values are for sale to business, nevertheless the most of market place action consists of a group of key currencies, such as the US Money, the actual Dollar, the actual Pound, the particular Europe Franc along with Sterling.

Where is the foreign exchange market found?

As opposed to many financial markets around the world, Forex trading just isnt central by using an change. Alternatively the idea runs using any schedule called the interbank industry or Over the Counter-top (Over-the-counter). As each Forex trading requires a couple of mutual positions (buy one currency and then sell on an additional), they are executed digitally along with just about any dealer whos ready to accept the business.

That can trade inside the Foreign exchange?

Usually, access to forex trading ended up being limited to consumer banking companies, which include main finance institutions, business finance institutions along with expenditure banks. For this reason that is run on a process known as the interbank industry.

Nevertheless, the volume of non lender contributors in the Currency markets, which includes worldwide organizations, funds administrators, funds agents and investors, is increasing quickly. And due to your comparatively tiny amount of funds forced to available a trading account (usually $500) Forex trading can be checking to be able to a great number of all the time. In case you are above Eighteen, possess throttle the sufficient income to spread out an investing accounts, the concept of Currency trading will be on hand.

When was the foreign currency market wide open with regard to exchanging?

As Foreign exchange doesnt can be found in just a classic exchange, its the just 24 / 7 monetary market on the planet. Foreign currency trading begins every single day inside Quarterly report and then goes worldwide because significant global markets inside Tokyo, Manchester and also Nyc wide open.

To put it differently, you will always find investors a place on the planet who are actively exchanging foreign currencies. This means you may make trades as well as answer significant interpersonal, financial and politics activities day and nite. Nonetheless, you will find theres quick sleep period from close up involving trading on the U . s . fiscal marketplace about Comes to an end right up until exchanging begins around australia about Friday day. Even so, because of the moment differences around the world, now simply can last for approximately 48 hours.

What is a trading border?

Forex positions are made in a lot of $100,1000. When you provide that amount of cash to cover your role when you may industry, the market would once once more be restricted to banking institutions as well as other institutional investors. Therefore brokers established the principle regarding perimeter buying and selling. In place they allow website visitors to trade $100,500 blocks associated with currency if theyd like to offer an portion of protection versus prospective loss.

By way of example, they may permit website visitors to business over a margin of 1% (compared, standard inventory brokerages typically have to have a 50% edge). Which means that they could business $100,500 prevents, provided their accounts is made up of at least $100,000 by 1% Equals $1000. $ 1, 000 may shield the broker versus any kind of possible cutbacks their customer helps make (forex ideals seldom fluctuate by greater than 1% in a day). In case a companys consideration is decreased by simply losses (we.e. lowering the brokers security under appropriate ranges), the particular dealer can close just about all investments and also demand one more deposit just before even more deals can be produced.

Exchanging margin lets people to manage huge amounts of foreign currency wiith fairly small amounts of capital (frequently Fifty, A hundred or even 200 instances the quantity of funds that they have put in). This may lead to substantial results, however increases the likelihood of dropping the majority of or perhaps your entire investment finance.

Just how much does it cost?

Due to the exchanging margin made available from most Foreign exchange brokers, its possible to open up a free account and obtain began buying and selling using a comparatively little money.

Currency trading positions come in lots of $100,Thousand. Nevertheless, nearly all Forexs brokes gives you a control ratio all the way to 100:A single, so that you have the capability to control any $100,500 invest as low as $1000 within your accounts. A few agents will provide control associated with 2 hundred:A single and even 500:1, allowing you to commence with as few as $500 or perhaps $250 with your bank account.

Nonetheless, remember to remember that despite the fact that better influence allows you to get the maximum profit potential, additionally, it raises the danger aspect. The larger the influence rate, smaller investing change that is to be forced to eliminate the trading funds. So pick the level of power that you use wisely.
For brand new dealers, it could be safer to start with control of Something like 20:One or 55:One particular. This will likely improve the amount you will want to available a forex account, however it will certainly decrease the probability of discovering all your exchanging funds go away as a result of small change in the price of the currency exchange.

To be familiar with more information on the creator: Win a Free Nook: What Can The Nook Color Do

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